Everything below concerns Reversed-phase HPLC. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2025-12-11. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide built as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its backbone matches the first twenty-nine residues of the natural human hormone, with four amino acid substitutions added to slow enzymatic breakdown. A reactive maleimide group, commonly termed the drug affinity complex, allows the peptide to attach to circulating albumin after administration. That albumin attachment keeps the molecule in the bloodstream for an extended period instead of being cleared within minutes.
The compound emerged from work at a Canadian biotechnology firm in the early 2000s. Early human studies examined its effect on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in healthy volunteers and in people with HIV-associated fat redistribution. Reports described sustained increases in both markers after a single injection. Development did not advance to regulatory approval, and the clinical programme was later discontinued. The molecule is now encountered mainly as a research chemical rather than a marketed medicine.
Two principal forms appear in the literature and in research supply. One carries a drug affinity complex, a maleimide-based group that forms a covalent bond with circulating albumin. This linkage slows clearance and produces a long-lasting elevation of peptide levels. The other form lacks that group and is often labeled MOD GRF(1-29). It has a much shorter circulation time. Both variants retain the same core receptor-binding sequence. Reported half-lives differ substantially between the two.
At the pituitary, the peptide binds the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on somatotroph cells. Receptor activation raises intracellular cyclic AMP and triggers release of stored growth hormone. Somatostatin and other hypothalamic signals modulate this response. Negative feedback from insulin-like growth factor 1 also influences output. The same regulatory architecture operates with the native hormone. Whether the synthetic analog alters feedback dynamics over repeated exposure remains an open question. Most published receptor work uses cell models rather than intact human systems.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C152H252N44O42 | Cited for the form without the drug affinity complex |
| Molecular weight | About 3368 Da | Reported value for modified GRF(1-29) |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilised solid as usually supplied |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and polar solvents | Clarity depends on purity and salt content |
| Typical storage | -20 C or below, dry | Protect from light and repeated warming cycles |
Peptide degradation proceeds mainly through hydrolysis, oxidation of methionine, and deamidation of asparagine or glutamine residues. The maleimide group on the albumin-binding variant can also react with thiols or hydrolyze in aqueous media. Because these pathways accelerate with temperature and pH extremes, handling conditions strongly influence measured stability. Stability data in the public literature are limited and often generated under differing conditions, so general statements about shelf life should be read as approximate.
Research material is normally supplied as a freeze-dried powder in sealed vials. In that state the peptide is comparatively robust, but prolonged exposure to warmth, moisture, or light accelerates degradation. Storage at minus twenty degrees Celsius or lower, with desiccant and protection from light, is the commonly described practice. Vials should be allowed to reach room temperature before opening to limit condensation on the powder. Moisture uptake during handling is a recognized source of variability in later measurements.
Reconstitution is typically performed with sterile water or bacteriostatic water, added slowly against the vial wall. The resulting solution should be clear and colorless; cloudiness or visible particles suggest a problem with the material or the diluent. Once in solution, the peptide is less stable than the dry powder. Refrigerated storage at two to eight degrees Celsius is common for short-term holding, while freezing aliquots is described for longer periods.
The albumin-binding version stays in circulation for days, because covalent attachment to serum albumin shields the peptide from rapid filtration and degradation. Reported half-lives for this form fall in the range of several days. The version without the linker is cleared in minutes, with estimates often near thirty minutes in animal work. These figures come from small studies and vary with assay method, species, and route, so they are best read as approximate rather than fixed constants.
Studies in this area generally track growth hormone pulses, insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations, and occasionally body composition endpoints. Most published human data come from early, small trials, and questions about long-term effects remain open. Whether repeated exposure alters pituitary responsiveness over time is not settled. Analytical work relies on immunoassays for the hormones and on mass spectrometry for the peptide itself, because the two measurements answer different questions.
Binding of the peptide to the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary somatotrophs triggers a G protein coupled cascade that raises cyclic AMP and opens calcium channels. The result is greater secretion of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the peptide acts at the same receptor as the natural hypothalamic hormone, its effect is amplified pulse size rather than an entirely separate release pathway. Receptor binding alone does not determine the response, since somatostatin tone and other inputs modulate the final output.
== Prognosis == Mortality in affected felid litters varies between 20 and 100%. Mortality of FPLV is 25–90% in domestic cats with the acute form of the disease and up to 100% in cats with peracute disease. In 2010, a retrospective study of 244 infected cats showed that "leukocyte and thrombocyte counts as well as serum albumin and potassium concentrations at presentation are prognostic indicators in cats with panleukopenia, whereas vaccination status, age, clinical signs, and housing conditions are not." A survival rate of about 50% has been reported with supportive therapies. Cats with FPLV that survive the first five days of treatment usually recover; however, the decrease in the cat's white blood cells compromises its immune system, leaving it vulnerable to secondary infection. Lifelong immunity is thought to follow recovery from disease, and a carrier state of the disease has never been identified.
=== As livestock feed === Mealworm has been investigated as a potential ingredient in livestock feed due to its high protein content and balanced amino acid profile, making it nutritionally suitable as a substitute for conventional protein sources such as fish meal or soybean meal. Although they can be raised in small spaces suitable for industrial production, life cycle assessment studies have shown that mealworm protein performs worse than soybean or fish meal protein in terms of energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, acidification and eutrophication.
== External links == Clinical trial number NCT04625270 for "A Study of Avutometinib (VS-6766) v. Avutometinib (VS-6766) + Defactinib in Recurrent Low-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer With and Without a KRAS Mutation (RAMP 201)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
==== 7 June ==== Iran launched ballistic missiles at Israel in response to Israeli airstrikes on Beirut's southern suburbs. The attack marked Iran's first direct missile strike against Israel since the April 2026 ceasefire. Iranian officials stated that the attack was carried out in retaliation for the Israeli strike, and claimed that the Ramat David Airbase was among the intended targets. They also warned of further action if attacks on Lebanon continued. The Israel Defense Forces said that no immediate casualties or damage were reported.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Discontinued === Alniditan (R-91274) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist – migraine [72] Avitriptan (BMS-180048) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [73] Bezisterim (HE-3286; NE-3107; Triolex; 17α-ethynyl-5-androstene-3β,7β,17β-triol) – undefined mechanism of action (synthetic androstenetriol analogue and anti-inflammatory) – migraine [74] BI-44370 (BI44370) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [75] Botulinum toxin A topical (RT-001) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent – migraine [76] Carisbamate (Comfyde; JNJ-10234094; RWJ-333369; YKP-509) – unknown mechanism of action – migraine [77] Dasolampanel (NGX-426) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA and kainate receptor antagonist – migraine [78] Dextromethorphan/quinidine (DXM/Q; AVP-923; Neurodex; Nuedexta; Zenvia) – combination of dextromethorphan (various actions) and quinidine (various actions) – migraine [79] Dihydroergocryptine (SRN-001) – non-selective monoamine receptor modulator and ergoline – migraine [80] Donitriptan (F-11356) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [81] Dotarizine (Dotaricin; FI-6026) – calcium channel blocker and serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist – migraine [82] Dronabinol (Δ9-THC; Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol; Deltanyne; Elevat; Marinol) – cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist – migraine [83] Ergotamine inhalation (Tempo-ergotamine) – non-selective monoamine receptor modulator and ergoline – migraine [84] Esprolol ((S)-ACC-9369) – beta blocker (β-adrenergic receptor antagonist) (amoxolol prodrug) – migraine [85] Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel (DP3; DR-103; DR-105; LoSeasonique; Seasonique) – combination of ethinylestradiol (an estrogen) and levonorgestrel (a progestogen) and a combined oral contraceptive – menstrual migraine [86] (S)-Ethylisothiouronium diethylphosphate (Difetur; MTR-104; MTR-105; MTR-106; MTR-107; MTR-108; Raviclust; Ravimig; Raviten) – nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor [87] Fremanezumab (Ajovy; LBR-101; PF-04427429; PF-4427429; RN-307; TEV-48125) – monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) – cluster headache, headache [88] Gabapentin (CI-945; Gabapen; GOE-3450; Neurontin) – gabapentinoid (α2δ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channel ligand) – migraine [89] Gabapentin enacarbil (1838262; ASP8825; GSK-1838262; Horizant; Regnite; Solzira; XP13512) – gabapentinoid (α2δ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channel ligand) – migraine [90] Ganaxolone (CCD-1042; Ztalmy) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid – migraine [91] HTL-0022562 (BHV-3100; HTL-22562) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [92] IS-159 – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist – migraine [93] Lacosamide (ADD-234037; Erlosamide; Harkoseride; SPM-927; SPM-929; Vimpat; Vimpato) – various actions – migraine [94] Lanepitant (LY-303870) – neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist – migraine [95] Lidocaine transdermal patch (ADL-87223; LidoPAIN) – sodium channel blocker – headache [96] Lornoxicam (Bosporon; Chlortenoxicam; HN-10000; RO-139297; Safem; TS-110; Xefo) – COX inhibitor/NSAID – migraine [97] LY-2300559 – metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) positive allosteric modulator and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1) antagonist – migraine [98] LY-334370 – serotonin 5-HT1F receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [99] MEDI-0618 – monoclonal antibody against protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) – migraine [100] Olcegepant (BIBN-4096; BIBN-4096BS) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [101] Oxytocin (TI-001; TI-114; TNX-1900; TNX-2900) – oxytocin receptor agonist – migraine [102] Perampanel (E-2007; ER-155055-90; Fycompa) – AMPA receptor antagonist – migraine [103] PF-5180999 (PF-05180999) – phosphodiesterase PDE2 inhibitor – migraine [104] PNU-142633 (PNU-142633F) – serotonin 5-HT1D receptor agonist – cluster headache, headache, migraine [105] Prochlorperazine inhalation (AZ-001) – typical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) – migraine [106] Propisergide (ergalgin) – serotonin receptor modulator and ergoline – migraine Propofol phosphate (Neuprox; propofol prodrug) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator (propofol prodrug) – migraine [107] Research programme: migraine therapy - Orexo (OX-40; OX641) – undefined mechanism of action – migraine [108] Selurampanel (BGG-492; BGG-492A) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA and kainate receptor antagonist – migraine [109] Sergolexole (LY-281067) – serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist and ergoline – migraine [110] Telcagepant (MK-0974) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [111] Tezampanel (LY-293558; NGX-424; PRN-001-01) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA and kainate receptor antagonist – migraine [112] Tizanidine (AN-021A; AN-021; DS-103282; Sirdalud; Ternelin; Zanaflex) – α2-adrenergic receptor agonist – migraine [113] Tonabersat (SB-220453; USL-260; Xiflam) – connexin 43 (GJA1) inhibitor – migraine [114] Zolmitriptan inhalation (CVT-427) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [115] Zonisamide (AD-810; CI-912; Excegran; Kinaplase; PD-110843; Tremode; Trerief; Zonegran) – calcium channel blocker, sodium channel blocker, and other actions – migraine [116]
In plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and phototrophic and chemoautotrophic Pseudomonadota (formerly referred to as proteobacteria), the enzyme usually consists of two types of protein subunit, called the large chain (L, about 55,000 Da) and the small chain (S, about 13,000 Da). The large-chain gene (rbcL) is encoded by the chloroplast DNA in plants. There are typically several related small-chain genes in the nucleus of plant cells, and the small chains are imported to the stromal compartment of chloroplasts from the cytosol by crossing the outer chloroplast membrane. The enzymatically active substrate (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) binding sites are located in the large chains that form dimers in which amino acids from each large chain contribute to the binding sites. A total of eight large chains (= four dimers) and eight small chains assemble into a larger complex of about 540,000 Da. In some Pseudomonadota and dinoflagellates, enzymes consisting of only large subunits have been found. Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are needed for enzymatic activity. Correct positioning of Mg2+ in the active site of the enzyme involves addition of an "activating" carbon dioxide molecule (CO2) to a lysine in the active site (forming a carbamate). Mg2+ operates by driving deprotonation of the Lys210 residue, causing the Lys residue to rotate by 120 degrees to the trans conformer, decreasing the distance between the nitrogen of Lys and the carbon of CO2. The close proximity allows for the formation of a covalent bond, resulting in the carbamate.
=== 18 January === Australian defence minister Richard Marles stated that Australian soldiers would be deployed in the UK to train Ukrainian soldiers in "infantry tactics in an urban, wooded and basic" settings.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic peptide analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Four substitutions in its sequence make it more resistant to enzymatic degradation than the natural hormone. In the version carrying a drug affinity complex, the peptide binds albumin and remains in circulation for days.
No regulatory agency has approved CJC-1295 for clinical use. Human trials were conducted in the 2000s, but the development programme was discontinued before any marketing application succeeded. Material sold today is offered as a research chemical, and its purity depends on the supplier.
Sermorelin is an unmodified fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone and is cleared quickly. CJC-1295 contains substitutions that resist breakdown, and the form with a drug affinity complex persists much longer. Both act at the same receptor but differ substantially in duration of action.
It is a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone. The molecule is used in research on pituitary growth hormone secretion. It differs from the natural hormone through several stabilizing substitutions.