This is a working overview of GHRH analogue, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-03-20 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed to mimic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), the endogenous signal that prompts the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. The compound is a modified fragment of the natural hormone, spanning the first twenty-nine amino acids of GHRH with several substitutions that slow enzymatic breakdown. Two variants circulate in research settings: one carrying a drug affinity complex (DAC) and one without it. The DAC-free form is frequently labelled Mod GRF(1-29) in catalogs and discussion forums.
The peptide binds GHRH receptors on somatotroph cells within the anterior pituitary, triggering a signalling cascade that increases growth hormone secretion. Its improved resistance to dipeptidyl peptidase IV degradation distinguishes it from the parent hormone. In the DAC-bearing version, a maleimide group reacts with a cysteine residue on serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in circulation far longer. That albumin attachment is the central design feature separating the two research variants.
Pharmacokinetic behaviour differs sharply between the two forms. The DAC-bearing peptide shows an extended circulation time measured in days, whereas the version without the complex is cleared within roughly half an hour. This gap shapes how researchers design dosing schedules in animal models. Whether the prolonged presence of the DAC form produces effects meaningfully different from the short-acting variant remains an open question, since comparative human data are scarce.
CJC-1295 belongs to a family of synthetic peptides modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound is built from the first twenty-nine amino acids of the natural human sequence, a fragment that retains full receptor binding capacity. Native growth hormone-releasing hormone is degraded quickly in circulation, so the fragment alone has limited practical value. Early work therefore focused on chemical modifications that preserve receptor binding while slowing enzymatic breakdown. The result is a molecule described in the literature as a long-acting analog of the natural hormone.
Two forms circulate under the CJC-1295 name, and they differ by a single appended group. The version without a drug affinity complex carries four substitutions along the peptide chain, including a D-alanine near the amino terminus and replacements at three other positions. These changes block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV and remove a methionine residue that is prone to oxidation. The modified fragment is frequently labeled MOD GRF 1-29. Naming conventions are inconsistent across informal sources, which is a common source of confusion.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight (with DAC) | ~3647 Da | Calculated from the full amino acid sequence |
| Molecular weight (without DAC) | ~3368 Da | Mod GRF(1-29) variant |
| Appearance | White lyophilized powder | Typical form supplied for research |
| Solubility | Soluble in water | Dissolves in aqueous buffers |
| Receptor target | GHRH receptor | Expressed on pituitary somatotroph cells |
Lyophilized material is generally stable for extended periods when held at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below and protected from moisture and light. In solution the peptide is more labile; bond hydrolysis, aggregation and oxidation of susceptible residues all proceed faster at ambient temperature. Repeated freeze and thaw cycles should be avoided because they promote clumping and loss of soluble material. The conjugated variant adds a further consideration, since the maleimide group can hydrolyze in aqueous buffer and lose its ability to react with albumin.
Laboratory handling centers on minimizing exposure to water, heat and oxygen before use. Working solutions are typically prepared in sterile water or a mild buffer, and any residual particulate matter is removed by filtration. When the powder dissolves slowly, a small proportion of acetonitrile or dilute acetic acid is sometimes added as a co-solvent. Containers are kept sealed and desiccated between uses. Records of lot number, reconstitution date and storage conditions support later comparison of results across experiments.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
== Strep-tag applications == The Strep-tag system offers a selective tool to purify proteins under physiological conditions. The proteins obtained are bioactive and display a very high purity (above 95%). Also, the Strep-tag system can be used for protein detection in various assays. Depending on the experimental circumstances, Strep-tag antibodies or Strep-Tactin, with an enzymatic (e.g.horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase (AP)) or fluorescence (e.g. green fluorescent protein (GFP)) marker. If high purity is required, the lysate can be purified by first using Strep-Tactin and then perform a second run using antibodies against Strep-tag. This reduces the contamination with unspecific bound proteins, which might occur in some rare scenarios. Following assays can be conducted using the Strep-tag detection system:
is the dimensionality of the system. Examples include charge-charge interactions between ions and dipole-dipole interactions between molecules. Modelling these forces presents quite a challenge as they are significant over a distance which may be larger than half the box length with simulations of many thousands of particles. Though one solution would be to significantly increase the size of the box length, this brute force approach is less than ideal as the simulation would become computationally very expensive. Spherically truncating the potential is also out of the question as unrealistic behaviour may be observed when the distance is close to the cut off distance. The most important long-range interactions are electrostatic interactions between two (partly) charge atoms. At present, the most used method is Particle Mesh Ewald (PME). PME uses Ewald summations to split the calculations into a short- and long range part. The short-range part calculates all interactions within a cut-off range, the long-range part is solved in reciprocal space, using fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). The high accuracy and high calculation speed made PME the gold standard for many years. However the increase use of parallelization, PME runs into a communication bottleneck because the FFTs require an all-to-all communication. A attractive PME alternative are the fast multipole methods (FMM), which are not affected by an increase in parallelization.
Phenylpiracetam, also known as fonturacetam (INNTooltip International nonproprietary name) and sold under the brand names Phenotropil, Actitropil, and Carphedon among others, is a stimulant and nootropic medication used in Russia and certain other Eastern European countries in the treatment of cerebrovascular deficiency, depression, apathy, attention, and memory problems, among other indications. It is also used in Russian cosmonauts to improve physical, mental, and cognitive abilities. The drug is taken by mouth. Side effects of phenylpiracetam include sleep disturbances among others. The mechanism of action of phenylpiracetam was originally unknown. However, it was discovered that (R)-phenylpiracetam is a selective atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor in 2014. In addition, phenylpiracetam interacts with certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Chemically, phenylpiracetam is a racetam and phenethylamine and is structurally related to piracetam. Phenylpiracetam was first described in 1983 by Bobkov Iu, et al. It was approved for medical use in Russia in 2003. Development of (R)-phenylpiracetam (code name MRZ-9547) in the West as a potential treatment for fatigue related to Parkinson's disease began by 2014. In addition to its medical use, phenylpiracetam is sold online as a nootropic.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
King Crimson's first live performance was at the Speakeasy Club in London on 9 April 1969 (with Yes guitarist Peter Banks and David Bowie among the audience). Their big breakthrough came on 5 July 1969 by playing as a support act at the Rolling Stones' free concert in Hyde Park, London, before an estimated 500,000 people. The debut album, In the Court of the Crimson King, was released in October 1969 on Island Records. Fripp would later describe it as having been "an instant smash" and "New York's acid album of 1970" (notwithstanding Fripp and Giles's assertion that the band never used psychedelic drugs). The Who guitarist and composer Pete Townshend called the album "an uncanny masterpiece". The album contains Sinfield's gothic lyrics, and its sound was described as having "dark and doom-laden visions". Its opening track "21st Century Schizoid Man" has been described as "proto-metal" and the song's lyrics criticise the Vietnam War. In contrast to the blues-based hard rock of the contemporary British and American scenes, King Crimson presented a more Europeanised approach that blended antiquity and modernity. The band's music drew on a wide range of influences provided by all five group members. These elements included classical music, the psychedelic rock spearheaded by Jimi Hendrix, folk, jazz, military music (partially inspired by McDonald's stint as an army musician) and free improvisation. After playing gigs across England, the band toured the United States with various pop and rock acts, their first show being at Goddard College in Plainfield, Vermont.
=== Third Republic (1870–1940) === During the Third Republic (1870–1940): Notable civil progress for women, particularly regarding rights and access to education, and the recognition of their necessity as part of the workforce following the First World War. May 19, 1874: Law on the labor of children and underage girls employed in industry: work in mines is prohibited for children under 12 and for women; certain industries may employ children aged between 10 and 12, with a daily maximum of 6 hours; outside of this, in all factories, manufacturing plants, and construction sites, the minimum employable age for children is 12—unless the child has a primary education certificate—and the workday must not exceed six hours, with breaks; if the child has a primary education certificate or is at least 15 years old, they may work a maximum of 12 hours per day, with breaks; night work is prohibited for all children under 16 and for young women up to the age of 21 in factories and manufacturing plants. 1875
Yearling lamb a young sheep between 12 and 24 months old Saltbush mutton a term used in Australia for the meat of mature Merinos which have been allowed to graze on atriplex plants Salt marsh lamb (Also known as 'saltmarsh lamb' or by its French name, agneau de pré-salé) The meat of sheep which graze on salt marsh in coastal estuaries that are washed by the tides and support a range of salt-tolerant grasses and herbs, such as samphire, sparta grass, sorrel and sea lavender. Depending on where the salt marsh is located, the nature of the plants may be subtly different. Salt marsh lamb has long been appreciated in France and is growing in popularity in the United Kingdom. Places where salt marsh lamb are reared in the UK include Harlech and the Gower Peninsula in Wales, the Somerset Levels, Morecambe Bay and the Solway Firth. Saltgrass lamb A type of lamb exclusive to Flinders Island (Tasmania). The pastures on the island have a relatively high salt content, leading to a flavor and texture similar to saltmarsh lamb.
For non-isotropic stresses in rigid bodies, depending on how the orientation of a surface is chosen, the same distribution of forces may have a component of positive stress along one surface normal, with a component of negative stress acting along another surface normal. The pressure is then defined as the average of the three principal stresses. The stresses in an electromagnetic field are generally non-isotropic, with the stress normal to one surface element (the normal stress) being negative, and positive for surface elements perpendicular to this. In cosmology, dark energy creates a very small yet cosmically significant amount of negative pressure, which accelerates the expansion of the universe.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The synthetic peptide keeps the receptor-binding region of GHRH but carries substitutions that resist enzymatic cleavage. In the DAC version, an added group also anchors the molecule to albumin, extending its presence in the bloodstream.
The maleimide group forms a covalent link with albumin, an abundant blood protein. This attachment slows clearance, so a single administration persists much longer than the unmodified peptide. The feature is the main reason the two variants are handled differently in study design.
It is not an approved therapeutic product in major regulatory jurisdictions. It appears in research chemical catalogs and scientific literature rather than pharmacy shelves. Clinical development was limited and did not reach approval.
The mass difference from the linker is large enough for routine detection by mass spectrometry. The unconjugated form gives a single sharp signal at its expected weight. Material that has already reacted with albumin shows a much higher mass and a broadened chromatographic peak.